MHA constrains brainstorming to such scenarios within a structured framework to guide the identification of initiating events using standard checklists. The checklists provide guidance to the team and help assure completeness. They can be customized for specific facilities or types of processes. The method prompts consideration of items not already in the checklists. It addresses major hazards. There are variants that address other types of hazards and environmental releases. It is based on the premise that most major hazard process incidents involve loss of containment.
PHR uses prompts covering the range of mechanisms for loss of containment to identify hazard scenarios. The method has been extended to address other hazard types Operational Hazard Review and environmental releases Environmental Hazard Review. It does not identify a full set of hazard scenarios for a process. Rather, it is used to identify the causes of a particular incident called a top event using deductive reasoning. Often, it is used when other PHA techniques indicate that a particular type of accident is of special concern and a more thorough understanding of its causes is needed.
Thus, it is a useful supplement to other PHA techniques. Sometimes FTA is used in the investigation of incidents to deconstruct what happened. FTA is also used to quantify the likelihood of the top event.
It is best suited for the analysis of highly redundant systems. FTA identifies and graphically displays the combinations of equipment failures, human failures and external events that can result in an incident.
Computer programs are used to provide graphical representations of fault trees and to calculate top event likelihoods. FTA is not a technique that lends itself to a team-based study. Typically, one or two people construct a fault tree. It requires different training and resources than other PHA techniques. Rather it is used to identify the possible outcomes following the success or failure of protective systems after the occurrence of a given starting event and, optionally, to calculate the frequencies of the outcomes.
Event trees graphically display the progression of event sequences beginning with a starting event, proceeding to control and safety system responses, and ending with the event sequence consequences. ETA helps analysts to determine where additional safety functions will be most effective in protecting against the event sequences. Typically, ETA is used to analyze complex processes that have several layers of safety systems or emergency procedures to respond to starting events.
ETA is not a technique that lends itself to a team-based study. Typically, one or two people construct an event tree. CCA is a blend of fault tree analysis and event tree analysis that produces a CCA diagram combining fault and event trees. It is used to identify causes and consequences of hazard scenarios. The CCA diagram displays the relationships between the incident outcomes consequences and their causes and it can depict and evaluate multiple scenario outcomes, including recovery paths where the operator, or system, recovers or mitigates the consequences, as well as the worst consequence path.
CCA is commonly used when the failure logic of hazard scenarios is simple. It uses a combination of high-level fault and event trees to produce a diagram resembling a bow tie. Then an effects analysis is conducted to outline outcomes for each failure mode.
A HAZOP is the systematic assessment tool used to evaluate an industrial process for potential deviations by breaking it in small, manageable steps. The goal is to identify hazard scenarios and ensure safeguards are in place to prevent these scenarios from occurring. Further Resources on Process Hazard Analysis.
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These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Necessary Necessary. Functional functional. Analytics analytics. Bow Tie Assessments BTA are a systematic method for graphically analyzing and demonstrating causal relationships in plausible high-risk scenarios involving a given hazard.
Control measures are then documented to demonstrate current risk mitigations. Bow Tie Analysis can also be effectively used in conjunction with appropriate process safety management systems to demonstrate that major hazards for an organization are being managed to ALARP As Low as Reasonably Practicable. The What-If? Study is a high-level systematic method for examining the responses of process systems to equipment failures, human errors, and abnormal process conditions. This technique requires participation by team members who know and understand the basic hazards associated with the process and its operation.
By answering these questions, the team identifies potential hazards and suggests ways to improve safety. The results of a What-If Analysis are documented by listing the specific questions, responses, and recommendations generated by the team. One of the strengths of this method is that it can be applied to any system at any stage of its design, development, or operation.
The failure mode and effects analysis FMEA technique is a methodical study of system component failures.
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