This is consistent with the position of emojis that were collected in the dialogue scenes of this study, while the positions of emojis with opposite meanings sent by the sender appeared mainly at the end of the dialogue. Three linguistic experts were invited as judges to analyze and classify the themes of the conversations, according to the relationship between the sender and receiver and to summarize the dialogue scenarios with a similar content.
The top 10 situations with the most similar topics and those that occurred most frequently were selected see Appendix. The 10 dialogue scenarios contained common interpersonal relationships and were representative in dialogues where the missending of emojis with opposite meanings existed. In order to protect the privacy of the interlocutors and to avoid the influence of the personal profile photos, names, and nicknames of the respondents, their personal information, such as profile photos, names, or nicknames, in the dialogue scenarios were reprocessed.
The content and explanations of the 10 dialogue scenarios are listed in the Appendix below. Projective aspects on cognitive performance: distortions in emotional perception correlate with personality. Through a literature review and analysis, this study determined the main sources of the following 12 emotional components that are related to embarrassment: 1 the following eight embarrassment-related emotional components are proposed by Grace Grace, D.
How embarrassing! An exploratory study of critical incidents including affective reactions. Journal of Service Research, 9 3 , These are shown in Table 4. In order to avoid the situation where participants focus only on answering the first few questions and then possibly weaken their answers to the subsequent questions about embarrassing emotions, the questionnaire randomly arranged the words for the 12 emotional components of embarrassment, or that are related to embarrassment, to ensure the quality of the questionnaire responses.
According to the degree, from strong to weak, the respondents chose the strength of each word to describe the situation. The questionnaire of this study adopted the Likert 7-point scale to divide the level of strength of the emotional components that are related to embarrassment. On the symbolic basis of shame. In Facets of emotion: Recent research, pp. A comparison of four causal factors of embarrassment in public and private situations. The Journal of Psychology, 4 , The psychology of shame: Theory and treatment of shame-based syndromes.
New York: Springer. Shame and guilt in neurosis. Psychoanalytic review, 58 3 , Embarrassment, facework, and eye contact: testing a theory of embarrassment. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 17 1 , By using the network's questionnaire survey, we actually collected a total of samples.
The total reliability coefficient of the data is 0. For the research data, we conducted the following: 1 a regression analysis to analyze the impact of 12 embarrassmentrelated emotional components on embarrassment and 2 a two-way ANOVA to analyze the relationship between independent variables gender and age and embarrassment. Through experiments and analysis, it was found that 1 the average value of embarrassment and its emotional components for males is significantly higher than that for females; 2 compared to users between 31 and 40 years old, users aged between 18 and 5 years are more susceptible to embarrassment when they mistakenly send WeChat emojis, while users aged between 26 and 30 years are also susceptible to embarrassment; and 3 the degree of shame caused by embarrassment is the highest.
From the questionnaires on the relationship between gender and embarrassment components, a statistical analysis was carried out on the questionnaires of the 30 male and female participants, respectively. The analysis was presented visually by using data analysis technology by Python software, as shown in Fig. The explanation of Fig. Although the smaller the P value, the more significant the statistical test is, it is difficult to quantify the P value in the probability scale as the data strength for the nihility hypothesis.
Therefore, we adopted the mean values of female and male for different emotions under 10 dialogue scenarios, graphed them in Fig. When the average score of males is higher than that of females in the same scenario, the red solid line is used to show a connection; a larger red circle is used to represent the score value of the males; when the average score of the females is higher than that of males in the same scenario, the blue solid line is used for a connection; and the larger blue circle is used to represent the score value of the females.
Figure 5 shows that there are obviously more red lines than there are blue lines. Therefore, the average value of embarrassment and emotional components of males is significantly higher than that of the females. The two-way ANOVA thermogram shows the following: in Scenario 10, different ages show significance in Anxious and Fearful, which indicates that the subjects of different ages exhibit differences in Anxiety and Fearfulness; except for the above differences, subjects of different ages do not show any significance in Shocked, Frustrated, Depressed, Foolish, Self-conscious, Upset, Humiliated, Angry, Shame, Anxious, Fearful, Distressed, and Embarrassment, which indicates that the subjects of different ages are consistent and that there are no significant differences in Embarrassment, Shocked, Frustrated, Depressed, Foolish, Self-conscious, Upset, Humiliated, Angry, Shame, Anxious, Fearful, and Distressed.
Combining the description about the P value in the previous section, we adopted the mean value of the respondents with the three age groups for different emotions under 10 dialogue scenarios. Figure 7 is plotted by using data analysis technology and the function of data visualization by Python software and conducted further analysis. The year age group has small green circles in all scenarios, indicating that it has lower scores, and the average scores for Embarrassment and emotional components are obviously lower than those for the year-old and year-old age groups.
These age groups are basically consistent in showing larger blue and red circles in each scenario, which indicates that the emotional evaluations of both groups are consistent. As shown in Fig. Among them, the degree of explanation of Shame for Embarrassment is 0.
The degree of explanation of Angry for Embarrassment is 0. This study presented a thermodynamic diagram of correlation coefficients by using data analysis technology and the function of data visualization by Python software, as shown in Fig. The blocks of different colors indicate the strength of the correlation; red indicates the high correlation between the two emotions; blue indicates the low correlation between the two emotions; and yellow indicates the moderate correlation between the two emotions.
As can be seen in Fig. The correlation coefficients of Self-conscious and other emotions are generally low, of which the lowest correlation coefficient is for Distressed, which is 0. The values of all correlation coefficients are greater than 0, which indicate positive correlations—that is to say, the corresponding two emotions will strengthen or weaken at the same time.
In view of the analysis results of Fig. Therefore, this study adopted the regression algorithm of LASSO least absolute shrinkage and selection operator , which can improve the interpretability and accuracy of the model Song et al. Not all emotions are created equal: expressive behavior of the networked public on China's social media site.
The regression equation of Embarrassment is. This study takes sent WeChat emoji with opposite meanings as an example for discussing the embarrassment of the sender. Embarrassment: a window on the self. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 18 4 , In this study, the degrees of explanation of shame for Depressed, Anxious, Upset, Shocked, Foolish, and Humiliated for Embarrassment are all above 0. Shame has the highest explanation for Embarrassment, which is consistent with the opinion of Borg et al.
Embarrassment is always considered as a dimension of Shame Oleszkiewicz et al. Who uses emoticons? Data from 86 Facebook users. Personality and Individual Differences, , In other languages of modern society, Embarrassment is regarded as a minor version of Shame.
No, the rise of the emoji doesn't spell the end of language. The Conversation. Cognitive neuroscience of social emotions and implications for psychopathology: examining embarrassment, guilt, envy, and schadenfreude.
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 68 5 , Among general people, higher levels of anxiety are associated with greater embarrassment Bas-Hoogendam et al. Previous research Miller, Miller, R. Embarrassment also destroys a pleasant mood. Once embarrassment occurs, people enter a state of panic, clumsiness, shame, and chagrin, which makes them feel very uncomfortable Miller, Miller, R.
Fifty percent of the people with embarrassed feelings will also feel humiliation Grace, Grace, D. When users mistakenly send WeChat emojis with an opposite meaning, it can cause embarrassment and have a negative impact on relationships, but sometimes it cannot be said to be harmful.
It is an emotional response to the sudden occurrence of seemingly harmless, and sometimes humorous, events Miller, Miller, R. Embarrassment makes the individual feel stupid Goffman, Goffman, E. Interaction ritual: Essays in face-to-face behavior. New York: Anchor Books. The Embarrassment of mistakenly sending an emoji with opposite meanings involves self-esteem.
People with different degrees of self-esteem react differently to embarrassment Song et al. The effect of embarrassment on preferences for brand conspicuousness: the roles of self-esteem and self-brand connection. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 27 1 , Embarrassment: actual vs. Cognition and Emotion, 5 , Borg et al. This study explains the embarrassing psychological processes and emotional components of the WeChat emoji with opposite meanings that were mistakenly sent.
People usually want to leave a good impression in their social circle, but when they make careless mistakes while attending activities, they will feel embarrassed and ashamed Kaufman, Kaufman, G. Compared with the other embarrassment of components discussed above, namely, Self-conscious, Frustrated, Fearful, Distressed and Anger, this explains that the degree of embarrassment is low.
According to previous research on embarrassment that is related to consumption, anger accounts for the lowest proportion of embarrassing emotions. In studies on the embarrassing emotional reactions caused by missending emojis, as compared with other emotions, anger can less likely explain the change of embarrassment. Research has produced different results, which represents the complexity of emotions Borg et al. It also shows that in WeChat's emoji, which mistakenly sends the opposite meaning, anger can explain embarrassment, but does not bring a strong angry embarrassment to the sender.
In this study, although gender and age had no significant influence on embarrassment, a further analysis showed that people of different genders and ages were affected to different degrees by embarrassment.
When sending WeChat emoji with opposite meanings, males are more easily affected by embarrassment, compared with females. This can be explained by the fact that although females use more emojis than males Wu et al. The role of environmental concern in the public acceptance of autonomous electric vehicles: a survey from China. Bayes factor and posterior probability: complementary statistical evidence to p-value.
Contemporary clinical trials, 44, The results of this study show that men were more embarrassed than women when they mistakenly sent an emoji with an opposite meaning. However, most previous studies have confirmed that women are more embarrassed than men Costa et al.
Social presence, embarrassment, and nonverbal behavior. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 25 4 , Is it something I said? Sense of humor and partner embarrassment. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28 3 , The nature and severity of self-reported embarrassing circumstances.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18 2 , Empathic embarrassment: Situational and personal determinants of reactions to the embarrassment of another. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 53 6 , The findings of this study are novel and have some implications for further theoretical research and the development of WeChat and other social networking services. According to the research results, year-old users are more susceptible to embarrassment when missending WeChat emojis, compared with year-old users.
Previous research has pointed out that young people, aged between 18 and 25 years, often use emojis and say that these can express their emotions better Zhang et al. As for the number of participants in this study, the majority of participants were between 18 and 25 years old. Materialists on Facebook: the selfregulatory role of social comparisons and the objectification of Facebook friends. Heliyon, 3 11 , e Understanding the influence of social media on people's life satisfaction through two competing explanatory mechanisms.
Aslib Journal of Information Management, 68 3 , There is a correlation between emojis with opposite meanings and the frequency of emoji usage. The use of emojis is related to age Wang et al. Psychological momentum and gender. People in the year-old age group were also more likely to be embarrassed by mistakenly sending emoji with opposite meanings.
These findings will also provide a reference for MIM developers. Our research, like other studies, has its research limitations. First, it is difficult to collect samples that meet the requirements of this study. Although the number of samples meets the planned number of studies, the number of samples is still small, compared with other studies. It is important to acknowledge that our sample was small, generating smaller power in our results Laurence et al.
Predictors of problematic smartphone use among university students. Secondly, when we define emoji with an opposite meaning, we mainly consider a specific meaning, context, and language culture. However, there may be other factors that affect people's understanding of emoji with opposite meanings.
Thirdly, as this study takes WeChat as an example, its scope is limited to a single language and culture background and independent instant messaging applications. Therefore, we cannot understand the difference of embarrassment caused by sending emoji with opposite meanings in other languages, cultures, and instant messaging software.
Because embarrassment has adverse consequences, eliminating it in WeChat communication can enhance the interaction between users and make them willing to continue to use the social platform. As previous scholars have studied one or several important embarrassment-related emotions, this study explored the embarrassment caused by missending emojis with opposite meanings, and it has provided several important embarrassment-related emotions.
HTML entites are intended for using on websites. You can put Flushed Face Emoji html entity code in decimal or hexadecimal form right in your message, and it will be translated into graphical representation of Embarrassed Emoji after you submit.
Here are instructions. Press and hold Alt key on keyboard. Type the hexadecimal Unicode value digit-by-digit Now release the Alt key and you'll see your character. Note 2. If this trick does not work, you should check some settings in your Windows Registry. If you don't know what the Registry is, please don't try this!
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